嗡坪跻仓っ髯髡叩墓鄣阌Ω檬荂项――蔑视的。但在第三段谈及，好几个世纪以来，人们一直试图在精神上和情感上改善自己，又得承认不怎么成功。可至少我们不再容忍疯人禁锢于笼中，当众鞭挞，以及其他许多过去普遍存在的野蛮行径。监狱也不再是过去那种令人窒息的禁锢之地，社会福利制度在全世界许多地方推行。在财富公平分配上也作了很大的努力。这些变化的出现不是因为人突然改善，而是在改变法律上采取了 积极的步骤。如果我们禁止危险的暴力体育项目，那么我们在改善人类方面又前进了一步。我们会认识暴力是人类的堕落和卑下（人类不应有的）。从这段来看，作者对人类还抱有希望，不是很蔑视。所以选A项。
2。 A。 法律应禁止堕落而又危险的体育项目。见第一题注释。作者从古罗马人欣赏残忍的体育项目说起，点出现代人也是嗜血成性，喜欢暴力体育项目。这是不文明，是堕落。必须制止，而法律是我们社会改革最强大的工具，它可应用，发挥强大的文明影响（第三段倒数第三句）
B。 人们愿意支付巨大款项来观看暴力。这是作者说明“嗜血成性”的具体内容之一。C。 对比对危险体育项目不同的态度。这里没有对比。D。人类嗜血成性。这是作者认为人们为什么欣赏危险残忍体育项目的根源。
3。 D。 人们在体育上习惯于“嗜血成性”，过去是，现在仍然是，不同点只是前者坦直承认，后者婉转掩饰。见第一题注释。
A。 把古罗马人和现代人对比。这项没有说明对比什么。B。 给出一个例子。太抽象。C。 说明过去人类不太知道更美好的东西，这两项都没有到位。
4。 B。 5个。作者提到⑴逗熊游戏；⑵斗牛；⑶车赛；⑷拳击；⑸人狮斗。至于当众鞭挞和绞刑不能称作体育活动。
5。 A。 通过制止野蛮体育项目，我们能改善人类自身。这在第三段讲的最透彻，见第一题和第二题注释。
B。 通过制止野蛮体育活动，我们能改善法律，不完全对。作者明确指出要用法律来禁止野蛮体育项目。C。 我们必须采取积极步骤来改善社会福利体制。D。 去表明法律是社会变革的主要工具。
Passage three（Advertisers Perform a Useful Service to the Community）
Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism。 Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self…promotion and because they have so much money to throw around。 ‘It’s iniquitous；’ they say； ‘that this entirely unproductive industry （if we can call it that） should absorb millions of pounds each year。 It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making。 Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods？ After all； it’s the consumer who pays…’
The poor old consumer！ He’d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products。 It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap。 But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods。 Another equally important function is to inform。 A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read。 Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about。 Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine； it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance； price； etc。； from an advertisement。
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements； but this claim may be seriously doubted。 It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days。 And what fun they often are； too！ Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements。 Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train？ Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper？ A cheerful； witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities。
We must not forget； either； that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets。 Newspapers； commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue。 The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper； or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers。 Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price！
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ‘small ads。’ which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine。 What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community！ Just about anything can be acomomplished through these columns。 For instance； you can find a job； buy or sell a house； announce a birth； marriage or death in what used to be called the ‘hatch； match and dispatch’ column but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or ‘agony’ column。 No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature。 It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is！
1。 What is main idea of this passage？
A。 Advertisement。
B。 The benefits of advertisement。
C。 Advertisers perform a useful service to communities。
D。 The costs of advertisement。
2。 The attitude of the author toward advertisers is
A。 appreciative。
B。 trustworthy。
C。 critical。
D。 dissatisfactory。
3。 Why do the critics criticize advertisers？
A。 Because advertisers often brag。
B。 Because critics think advertisement is a “waste of money”。
C。 Because customers are encouraged to buy more than necessary。
D。 Because customers pay more。
4。 Which of the following is Not True？
A。 Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything。
B。 We can buy what we want。
C。 Good quality products don’t need to be advertised。
D。 Advertisement makes our life colorful。
5。 The passage is
A。 Narration。
B。 Description。
C。 Criticism。
D。 Argumentation。
Vocabulary
1。 come in for （ sth。 ） 是某事物的对象，吸引（某事物），获得
2。 flair 天资，天分
3。 iniquitous 极邪恶的，极不公正的
4。 drab 单调的，乏味的
5。 subsist 活下去，生存下去，维持下去
6。 hatch 孵化（指生孩子）
7。 match 匹配，婚姻
8。 dispatch 派遣，发送
9。 agony 极大痛苦，煎熬
10。 agony column （报刊中关于个人疑难问题征询意见的）读者来信专栏
难句译注
1。 Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism。
【参考译文】广告商总是雄心勃勃（想得很大），也许这就是为什么他们老挨批评。
2。 Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self…promotion。
【参考译文】他们的批评者似乎对他们很气愤，因为他们在自我抬高/标榜上很有天分。
3。 No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offer such deep insight into human nature。
【参考译文】报纸任何其他栏目都难以提供如此有趣的文章，或提供对人性的内涵如此深刻的洞察。
4。 It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is。
【参考译文】这是广告中最佳的广告。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以因果、对比的手法写出有没有广告的后果及广告的真正作用。文章首先指出广告商遭批评的原因：广告商夸大和人们认为广告浪费钱财、商品价格就搞；然后作者以有无广告的后果突出其功能，没有广告，商品价更高，生活单调、乏味。有了广告，商品价低，生活丰富多彩，人们获取各种信息。
答案详解
1。 C。 广告对社会的服务很有用。作者从三方面来叙述广告作用：第二段点出如果广告不为产品开辟广大的市场，我们就得付出很多钱，正是因为大量的广告费用，消费者的商品才会那么便宜。广告除销售商品外，其重要的功能在通知/告诉信息，有关家用商品的许多只是来自广告，还有新产品的介绍。
第三段讲了美化环境功能。如果火车站的墙上和报上没有广告，那会怎么样。一幅悦人心目，机智的广告将改变一切。
第四段讲了它为我们省钱：别忘了广告对我们口袋作出积极的贡献。报纸、电台、电视台公司没有这笔收入很难生存。我们的报纸，我们付给很少，或者说，我们能享受那么多的节目完全是因为广告商花的钱。如果要我们付报纸的全价，那我们要花多少钱！
最后一段讲了各种专栏的功能。人们可以在这些栏目找工作、买卖房子、宣布婚丧嫁娶信息。这些都围着一个中心：广告对社会服务的有用性。
A。 广告。太笼统。B。 广告之优点。文章不是讲优点，而是讲服务于社会的功能。D。 广告费用。
2。 A。 欣赏/赞赏。从上述注释也可推知是A项。最重要的，作者提出种种功能，是为了反驳第一段内提到的论点：完全是非生产企业每年吸收几百万镑，这说明这些大公司利润有多高。最重要的是消费者付的广告费等。反驳更说明了A项对。
B。 值得信任。 C。 批评。 D。 不满意。
3。 A。 因为广告商常常爱吹，。见难句译注1。。
B。 因为批评者认为广告浪费钱。 C。 因为广告促使消费者购买不必要的东西。 D。 因为消费者支付更多。
4。 C。 优质产品不需要广告。一切产品都需要广告，新产品、老产品都需要。
A。 广告对我们的口袋作出贡献。 B。 我们可以买到我们所需的。 D。 广告使我们生活丰富多彩。这三条都提到也是真实的。
5。 C。 文章一开始就提到对广告的批评，然后作者以对比的手法说明其功能。
A。 叙事。B。 描写。 D。 议论。
Passage four（preface）
Science is a dominant theme in our culture。 Since it touches almost every facet of our life； educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation。 They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are。 An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist。
This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial； for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts； for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets； and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician。 The book can be used to supplement a course in any science； to acomompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world； or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science。 We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is； who scientists are； and what they do。 It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture。 In addition； readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture。
We have tried to present in this book an acomurate and up…to…date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it。 That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women。 This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but； rather； part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter tradition