cal expansion； it sorted out people and land uses； and it acomelerated the inherent instability of urban life。 By opening vast areas of unocomupied land for residential expansion； the omnibuses； horse railways； commuter trains； and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era。 In 1850； for example； the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district； by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles。 Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work； shopping； and entertainment。 The new acomessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl。 Between 1890 and 1920； for example； some 250；000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago； most of them located in outlying areas。 Over the same period； another 550；000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area。 Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting； real estate developers added 800；000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people。
Of course； many were never ocomupied； there was always a huge surplus of subdivided； but vacant； land around Chicago and other cities。 These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation： urban sprawl was essentially unplanned。 It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users。 Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes； particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle…class inhabitants were anticipated； did so to create demand as much as to respond to it。 Chicago is a prime example of this process。 Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth。
1。 With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned？
＇A＇ Types of mass transportation。
＇B＇ Instability of urban life。
＇C＇ How supply and demand determine land use。
＇D＇ The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion。
2。 Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago？
＇A＇ To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth。
＇B＇ To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation。
＇C＇ To show mass transportation changed many cities。
＇D＇ To contrast their rate of growth。
3。 Acomording to the passage； what was one disadvantage of residential expansion？
＇A＇ It was expensive。
＇B＇ It happened too slowly。
＇C＇ It was unplanned。
＇D＇ It created a demand for public transportation。
4。 The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city；
＇A＇ that is large。
＇B＇ that is used as a model for land development。
＇C＇ where the development of land exceeded population growth。
＇D＇ with an excellent mass transportation system。
Vocabulary
1。 revise 改变
2。 fabric 结构
3。 catalyze 催化，加速
4。 sort out 把……分门别类，拣选
5。 omnibus 公共汽车/马车
6。 trolley （美）有轨电车，（英）无轨电车
7。 periphery 周围，边缘
8。 sprawl 建筑物无计划延伸，蔓延，四面八方散开
9。 lot 小片土地
10。 underscore 强调，在下面划横线
11。 transit lines 运输线路
12。 subdivision （出售的）小块土地，再划分小区
写作方法与文章大意
文章论述了“公共交通从三方面改变了城市的社会和经济结构。”采用分类写法。文章一开始就提出三方面：第一，促进城市实质性的扩展；第二，把人和土地分民别类加以利用；第三，加速了城市生活的不稳定性。然后就是三方面的具体内容。
答案详解
1。 D 公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。文章开门见山提出这一点“公共交通运输从三个根本方面改变了美国城市的社会和经济结构。”后面文章内容就是三方面的具体化。
A。 公共交通运输类型。 B。 城市生活的不稳定性。 C。 供需如何决定土地利用。这三项文中作为具体问题提到，并不是文章涉及的主要题目。
2。 C 说明公共交通改变了许多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“举例说，1850年，波士顿市界离老的商业地区几乎不到2英里，到了这世纪末，其半径扩至10英里。现在供得起的人们可以住得很远，远离老的城市中心，仍然来回去那里上班、购物和娱乐”。第七句，“举例说，在1890至1920年期间，据记载，芝加哥市界内有约250，000个新的住宅楼区大多数设在郊区。经过同样这段时期，市区外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地区内，又计划建造了550，000个住宅楼区。”
A。 表示成长的正反两方面效果。B。 举有无公共交通运输的城市为例。 D。 对比两者成长率；都不是本文中举两城市例子的目的。
3。 C 没有计划。见第二段第三句起“城市扩展蔓延根本无计划，好几千个小的投资商进行扩展，毫不考虑相互协调配合利用土地，也不考虑未来土地利用。”
A。 太贵 和 B。太慢，两个选项，文内没有提。D。 它创造了对公共交通运输的需求。这不是住宅扩展的一个缺点，而是三个根本改变城市的一个方面。见第一段第三句：“通过大量开发未占土地扩建住宅，公共汽车、马车、铁路、来回火车，有轨电车把已有人定居的居住区向外扩展了三四倍，比他们先现代时期的市中心更远。”
4。 C（第二段中以芝加哥城市例子说明）土地开发超过人口增长速度。答案详见第二段“这些购买和置备土地建设住宅，特别是购置临近城市或就在市界外的土地，抢在交通线路和中产阶层的居民进去之前。他们这样做的目的是创造一种需求，也是响应这种需求。芝加哥就是这种过程的典型例子。那里的房地产小块土地比人口增长快得很多很多。”
A。 城市大。B。 用作土地开发的样板。 D。 具有优越的公共的交通系统。
Passage Nine（Holmes’ Knowledge）
His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge。 Of contemporary literature； philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing。 Upon my ing Thomas Carlyle； he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done。 My surprise reached a climax； however； when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system。
“You appear to be astonished； ” Holmes said； smiling at my expression。 “Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it。 You see； I consider that a man’s brain originally is like a little empty attic； and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose： A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across； so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out； or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things； so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it。 It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent。 Depend upon it； there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before。 It is of the highest importance； therefore； not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones。”
“But the Solar System！ ” I protested。
“What the deuce is it to me？” he interrupted impatiently。
One morning； I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it； while my companion munched silently at his toast。 One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading； and I naturally began to run my eye through it。
Its somewhat ambitious title was “The Book of Life； ” and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an acomurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way。 It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity。 The reasoning was close and intense； but the deduction appeared to me to be far…fetched and exaggerated。 The writer claimed by a momentary expression； a twitch of a muscle or a glance of an eye； to fathom a man’s inmost thought。 Deceit； acomording to him； was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis。 His conclusions were as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid。 So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer。
“From a drop of water； ”said the writer； “a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic。 So all life is a great chain； the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it。 Like all other arts； the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study； nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it。 ”
This smartly written piece of theory I could not acomept until a sucomession of evidences justified it。
1。 What is the author’s attitude toward Holmes？
＇A＇Praising。
＇B＇Critical。
＇C＇Ironical。
＇D＇Distaste。
2。 What way did the author take to stick out Holmes’ uniqueness？
＇A＇By deduction。
＇B＇By explanation。
＇C＇By contrast。
＇D＇By analysis。
3。 What was the Holmes’ idea about knowledge…learning？
＇A＇Learning what every body learned。
＇B＇Learning what was useful to you。
＇C＇Learning whatever you came across。
＇D＇Learning what was different to you。
4。 What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about？
＇A＇One may master the way of reasoning through observation。
＇B＇One may become rather critical through observation and analysis。
＇C＇One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis。
＇D＇One may become practical through observation and analysis。
Vocabulary
1。 Thomas Carlyle 托马斯？卡莱尔 1795…1881美国作家、历史家、哲学家
2。 jumble （up） 搞乱，使混乱
3。 lay hand on （upon） sth。 抓住，找到
4。 at best 最好的情况下
5。 elbow out （off） 用胳膊肘挤出，推出
6。 deuce = devil
what the deuce is it to me？ 这里表示福尔摩斯的厌恶心理。义：这倒霉的词儿与我有什么关系？
7。 while away the time 消磨/打发时间
8。 shrewdness 机敏，敏锐，犀利
9。 far…fetched 牵强附会，不自然
10。 fathom 看穿/透，推测，探索
11。 infallible 一贯正确
12。 uninitiated 对某事无知的
13。 Euclid 欧几里德（古希腊数学家）
14。 necromancer 巫师
难句译注
1。 A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across； so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out； or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things； so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it。
【结构简析】主从句结构，主句A fool … 后跟lumber的定从that he comes across。从句so that 中有一knowledge的定从which； or链接前后两个分词crowded out 与jumbled up；但第一个so that 从句又是后面so that 的主句。
【参考译文】蠢人把他碰到的每种木材（制家具）都拿进来。这样，可能对他有用的知识都被挤出去；最好的情况下，也是和其他种种事情混在一起，所以他就