《牛津实用英语语法》

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牛津实用英语语法- 第66部分


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(c)用于形容词短语中表达年龄、大小、重量和时间的长短等:
a five-year…old child五岁的孩子
a ten-ton vehicle十吨卡车
a six…foot wall六英尺高的墙
a five-minute interval五分钟休息
注意:复合词没有复数形式,不加s。
副词与分词用在复合形容词中时,之间常用连字号,特别是在有被误解的危险时更要加连字号:
low-flying aircraft低飞的飞机
quick-dissolving sugar速溶白糖
C 连字号还用以将一行最后一个词分开,单词的前一部分留在上一行,后一部分移到下一行。一定要在词的自然可分处分,如在两个音节之间:
dis-couraged牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 look…ing牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 inter…val
单音节词不能分行写。




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第三十八章?短语动词?




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362 引言

A 在现代英语中,常常将介词或副词置于某一动词之后,以便能够表达多种不同的意思:
give away送给某人
give up放弃,停止(一种习惯或某种努力)
look after照顾
look for寻找,寻求
look out小心,注意
学生没有必要去区分这些短语动词究竟是由动词+介词还是由动词+副词组成的,但必须要把这些习惯用法看做是一个整体。
同时,要掌握每一短语动词是及物的(即需要有宾语)或是不及物的(即不需要宾语)。这很重要。
look for是及物短语动词:
I am looking for my passport.
我在找我的护照。
look out是不及物短语动词:
look out!This ice isn’t safe!
当心!这冰危险!
本章后文中的每一短语动词都标有“tr”(transitive,及物)或“intr”(intransitive,不及物)符号。每一短语动词的用法举例将有助于表明二者之间的差别。
注意:一个短语动词可能有两种或两种以上的不同的意思,也可能其中一个或几个是及物的,另外一个或几个是不及物的。如take off可意为“拿掉”,所以它是及物的:
He took off his hat.
他摘下他的帽子。
take off也可意为“起飞”(用于飞机)。这时它是不及物的:
The plane took off at ten o’clock.
飞机是10点钟起飞的。
B 及物短语动词:宾语的位置
作宾语的名词通常位于及物短语动词之后:
I am looking for my glasses.
我正在找我的眼镜。
作宾语的名词与某些短语动词连用时,可位于句末,也可以紧跟在动词之后,即用于小品词前。可以说:
He took off his coat./He took his coat off.
他脱掉外衣。
宾格代词有时位于短语动词之后:
I am looking for them.
我正在找他们。
但宾格代词在大多数情况下紧跟在动词之后:
He took it off.
他把它脱掉了。
宾格代词常位于下列小品词之前:up,down, in, out, away,off和on(词组call on拜访除外)。
每一习语下表明用法的例句将以下列方法标明作宾语的名词或代词的各种可能的位置:
I’ll give this old coat away.(give away this old coat/give it away)
我将把这件旧外衣送掉。
即,在使用这一短语动词时,作宾语的名词既可位于away之前,也可位于其后;而宾格代词只可位于away之前。在只给出一个例句时,读者可以推定宾格代词的位置与作宾语的名词位置相同。
C 这些短语动词后面的宾语如果是动词,则应使用动词的动名词形式:
He kept on blowing his horn.
他不断地吹喇叭。
通常使用动名词之处,将举例说明。
请注意,某些短语动词后面应带动词不定式:
It is up to yon to decide this for yourself.
这事全由你自己决定。
Some of the younger members called on the minister to resign.
某些较年轻的议员要求部长辞职。
The lecturer set out to show that most illnesses were avoldable.
讲师开始表明多数疾病是可以预防的。
go on既可以带不定式,也可以带动名词,但二者的意义有相当大的不同。参见第270节A。




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363 动词+介词/副词的组合

account
account for(tr)(为某事)给出充分的理由,圆满地解释(某种行为或某项支出),做出交代:
A treasurer must account for the money he spends.
财务负责人必须对他支付的款项做出交代。
He has behavd in the most extraordinary way;I can’t account for hisactions at all/I can’t account for his behaving like that.
他的行为极为奇怪,我完全无法解释他的行动/我无法为他那样的举动做出解释。
allow
allow for(tr)预先为某事留有余地,考虑到(常指某种额外的需要、支出、耽搁等):
—It is 800 kilometres and I drive at 100 k.p.h., so I’ll be there in eighthours.
—But you’ll have to allow for delays going through towns and for stopsfor refuelling.
—距离是800公里,而我的车速是每小时100公里,因此我八小时后可以到那里。
—可是你得把通过市镇和停车加油所耽搁的时间考虑进去。
Allowing for depreciation your car should be worth£2,000 this timenext year.
如果考虑到折旧,你的车明年此时应当值2,000英镑。
answer
answer back(intr),answer somebody back反驳别人的责难,回嘴顶撞:
Father:Why were you so late last night? You weren’t in till2 a.m.
父亲:你昨晚回家为什么这么晚?你直到凌晨两点钟才回来。
Son:You should have been asleep.
儿子:那时候你本该睡着了。
Father:Don’t answer me back.Answer my question.
父亲:别跟我顶嘴。回答我的问题。
ask
ask after/for somebody 探询有关……的信息,(向第三者)问某人健康如何:
I met Tom at the party;he asked after you.
我在聚会上遇见了汤姆;他问你好。(问你健康如何/问你过得怎么样)
ask for
(a)寻找某人并想和他/她说话,要求见到某人:
Go to the office and ask for my secretary.
到办公室去,找我的秘书。
(b)要求,索要:
The men asked for more pay and shorter hours.
工人们要求增加工资,减少工时。
ask someone in(宾语在in之前)请某人进来:
He didn’t ask me in;he kept me standing at the door while he read the message.
他没有让我进去;他径自看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。
ask someone out(宾语在out之前)请某人出去参加娱乐活动或吃饭(特别是在公众地方吃饭):
She had a lot of friends and was usually asked out in the evenings,so she seldom spent an evening at home.
她有很多朋友,晚上常被邀请外出,因此她晚上很少在家里呆着。
back
back away(intr)慢慢地退回去(因为遇到某种危险或不愉快的事):
When he took a gun out everyone backd away nervously.
他拿出枪来时,大家都紧张地向后退去。
back out(intr)退出(某事先已同意的联合行动),停止或拒绝给予所允诺的帮助或支持:
He agreed to help but backed out when he found how difficult it was.
他本来同意给予帮助的,但在发现事情有多么困难之后就打退堂鼓了。
back somebody up从道义上或行动上支持:
The headmaster never backed up his staff.(backed them up)If a parentplained about a teacher he assumed that the teacher was in thewrong.
校长从来不给教员们撑腰。凡是有家长给老师提意见时,他总是认为一定是老师不对。
be
be against(tr)反对(常带动名词):
I’m for doing nothing till the police arrive./I’m against doing anythingtill the police arrive.
我赞成在警察来到以前不采取行动。/我反对在警察到来以前采取任何行动。
be away(intr)(至少有一个晚上)不在家,不在某地
be back(intr)在长期或短暂地离开之后回到原地:
—I want to see Mrs Pitt.Is she in?
—No,I’m afraid she’s out at the moment./No,I’m afraid she’s awayfor the weekend.
—When will she be back?
—She’ll be back in half an hour/next week.
—我想见皮特夫人。她在吗?
—不,恐怕她现在不在。/不,我想她外出度周末了。
—她什么时候回来?
—她半小时后/下周回来。
be for(tr)赞成(常带动名词)
be in(intr)在家或在某个建筑物内
be in for(tr)将要遇上(常跟某种令人不愉快的事):
Did you listen to the weather forecast? I’m afraid we’re in for a bumpyflight.
你听气象预报没有?恐怕我们这次航班要很颠簸。
If you think that the work is going to be easy you’re in for a shock.
如果你以为这工作将容易,那么你可要大吃一惊了。
be out(intr)短时间不在家/不在某个建筑物里,但并不在外过夜
be over(intr)结束:
The storm is over now;we can go on.
暴风雨过去了;我们可以继续走了。
be up(intr)起床了:
Don’t expect her to answer the doorbell at eight o’clock on Sundaymorning.She won’t be up.
星期日早上8点钟时,别指望她听见门铃响会来开门。她那时还没有起床呢。
be up to(tr)体力或智力足以……(宾语常用it,但也可用动名词):
After his illness the Minister continued in office though he was no longerup to the work/up to doing the work.
部长生病后继续任职,但他已力不胜任了。
be up to something/some mischief/some trick/no good从事或忙于某种调皮的、不正道的或有害的事/捣鬼:
Don’t trust him;he is up to something/some trick.
别信他;他在搞鬼/在耍诡计。
The boys are very quiet.I wonder what they are up to.
男孩子们无声无息了。我不知他们在捣什么鬼。
注意:这里up to的宾语常是某一很不确定的词语,如上面例句所示。这个习语从来不与某一具体明确的事连用。
it is up to someone(常带动词不定式)此事是某人的职责:
It is up to the government to take action on violence.
采取行动对付暴力行为,是政府职责所在。
I have helped you as much as I can. Now it is up to you.
我已尽我所能地帮助你了。现在该看你自己了。(你得靠自己的努力干下去。)
bear
bear out(tr)证实,提供证明:
This report bears out my theory.(bears my theory out/bears it out)
这报告证实了我的理论。
bear up(intr)听到坏消息仍能勇敢支撑,掩饰感情或忧伤:
The news of her death was a great shock to him but he bore up bravely and none of us realized how much he felt it.
她故去的消息对他来讲是个打击,但他勇敢地支撑着,我们谁也没意识到他的感受该有多么强烈。
blow
blow out(tr)吹熄:
The wind blew out the candle.(blew the candle out/blew it out)
风吹灭了蜡烛。
blow up(tr/intr)
(a)用爆炸的方法毁灭,爆炸,被毁:
They blew up the bridges so that the enemy couldn’t follow them.(blew the bridges up/blew them up)
他们炸毁了桥,好让敌人不能追上他们。
Just as we got to the bridge it blew up.
我们刚到桥头,桥就炸掉了。
(b)充气,打气,使膨胀:
The children blew up their balloons and threw them into the air.( blew the balloons up/blew them up)
孩子们把气球吹鼓了,扔向空中。
boil
boil away(intr)(液体)因沸腾而挥发完,熬干:
I put the kettle on the gas ring and then went away and forgot about it.
When I returned, the water had all boiled away and the flame had burnta hole in the kettle.
我把壶放在煤气灶上,然后就走开把这事忘掉了。我回来时,水都烧干了,火把壶底烧出了一个窟窿。
boil over(intr)(液体因沸腾而)溢到容器外面:
The milk boiled over and there was a horrible smell of burning.
牛奶潽了,烧糊的味道极为难闻。
break
break down a door etc.用强力敲破或撞破:
The firemen had to break down the door to get into the burning house.
(break the door down/break it down)
消防员不得不破门而入以便到着火的房子里边去。
break down figures将一数目分别列在不同项目下以作进一步说明:
You say that 10,000 people use this library.Could you break that downinto age…groups?
你说有10,000人使用这所图书馆。你能否按年龄组将数字分解一下?(即说出有多少人是25岁以下的,有多少人是50岁以上的等等)
break down(intr)由于有缺陷或强度不够而坏掉或不再正常运作:
(a)常指人暂时感情支持不住:
He broke down when telling me about his son’s tragic death.
他向我谈到他儿子惨死的事时,不能自已了。(他失声痛哭了。)
(b)指丧失精神上的抵抗力:
At first he refused to admit h

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